Differences Between Taoism and Buddhism

Contrasts Between Taoism and Buddhism The contrasts among Taoism and Buddhism Taoism is begun in China and many accept that it is begun in the 6th century B.C. while Buddhism is said started during the 500s B.C. in India. Both Taoism and Buddhism are extraordinary philosophical customs and religions that have long chronicles and had unequivocally impacted and formed the Chinese culture and values.â These two religions have a few likenesses, they even considered as one kind in Malaysias culture. Both Taoism and Buddhism faith in rebirth which implies the post-existence and both have comparable extreme goals.â However, they are altogether different in their convictions, practices and points of view about individual life, society, values, culture, nature and even the universe. Taoism and Buddhism have diverse target standards, various perspectives and convictions about the eternal life which is broadly known as resurrection, various ways and answers for participate and take care of the issues throughout everyday life, and alternate points of view and practice s about marriage. The word Tao of Taoism in Chinese methods the way or the way. In Taoism, its goal is to accomplish Tao which intends to achieve the correct way throughout everyday life and thusly; we will have the option to become immortal.â Besides that, Tao is now and then likewise considered as the birthplace of everything which previously existed and managing the entire world and everything to take a shot at their jobs before the universe was being shaped (Wow Essays, 2004). In Taoism, it is additionally concentrating on close to home or individual way of thinking, since it is all the more concentrating on the best way to accomplish Tao, congruity and adjusting of one-self and it don't rouse individuals to discover ways and answers for help and improve the network or society as in each individual ought to do it without anyone else or himself (EduBook, 2008).â It is likewise said that everything on the planet is basic, right and great, life becomes complex is on the grounds that person decide to carry on with an intricate life (Wow Essays, 2004). Then again, in Buddhism convictions live is enduring which is diverse by contrasting and Taoism that accepts that life is about goodness, Buddhist accepts that having ailment or enduring is the idea of life which we can't escape from (Difference Between, 2010). Birth, get old, become ill or sick, and demise are the nature pattern of life. As per Buddhism, the best way to place enduring in life to an end is to comprehend the four respectable facts of life and practice the honorable eightfold way which are the correct information or seeing, right aim, right discourse, right conduct or activity, right employment, right exertion, right care, and right focus (Buddhist Temples). The principal respectable eightfold way is correct information that alludes to the right comprehension of what is life about or the comprehension about the four honorable certainties of life (Wow Essays, 2004).â The subsequent way is correct expectation implies the correct wills viewpoint which is to swear off de sires, to pick up insusceptibility of antagonistic feelings, for example, detest and outrage, and to be harmless which isn't to be brutal or forceful (Knierim T., 2010).â The third way is correct discourse which brings the significance of not to talk terrible or destructive words and to know about what we are stating by picking the correct words and right tone.â The forward way is correct conduct or right activities which is to act in a right manner and the reasons of activity or conduct, and this comprises of the five primary principles of Buddhism which are not to slaughter, steal, expend mixed beverages, carry out in sex violations, and furthermore to be completely forthright (Wow Essays, 2004).â The fifth way is correct business which is to pick up or procure cash and riches in the legitimate and good manner (Knierim T., 2010).â The 6th way is correct exertion includes rehearsing the correct will and control self-serving commitment and thirst (Wow Essays, 2004).â The s eventh way is correct care which is to know and have the capacity of see things without influenced by the others or environment.â The eighth way is correct fixation alludes to the psychological power of concentrating on a definitive objective of Buddhism, and this includes rehearsing the reflection which is to clear your mind and build up the correct focus (Knierim T., 2010). Both Taoism and Buddhism put stock in the eternal life which is known as rebirth (Wow Essays, 2004). They accept that life cycle doesn't have a start or a completion which just implies that life, passing and resurrection are seen as a persistent cycle; they imagine that demise isn't the finish of the life (Valea E., n.d.).â But them two have various clarifications and points of view on reincarnation.â According to Taoism, soul or soul never pass on, it will be move to the next body which is to reawakened to be someone else and this will be rehashed until it accomplish the Tao.â It is said that everybody has an internal light of oneself which can direct us back to spotless and clean psyche and pull up from interruptions and desires, Tao must be acquired by following this inward light of oneself (Wow Essays, 2004).â Taoism additionally accepts that spirit can go through existence and becomes eternal when Tao is accomplished (Difference Between, 2010). While in Buddhism convictions, samsara, the wheel of resurrection and the sufferings of life will possibly reach a conclusion when ones accomplish Nirvana which is the most noteworthy or last condition of the existence cycle and become godlike (Religion Facts, 2010).â The other conviction of resurrection in Buddhism that is not the same as the confidence in Taoism is that Taoism accepts that reawakened is a change of soul starting with one human body then onto the next, yet as per the Buddhism conviction, the pattern of birth, demise and resurrection comprise of good and wickedness conduct which partitions the transmigration into three unique stages and this lead to the change of spirits into various structures respectively.â The ones who act very surprising path from the principles and practices of Buddhism will be send to the damnation and this is the main phase of the transmigration.â In the subsequent stage, the individuals who accomplished something which is viewed as very awful or abhorrence will transmigrate into creature structures, yet spirits will turn out to be all the more similar to human or resurrection as a human again after turns of transmigration.â â The accompanying stage which is the third stage, includes the soul gets pure by putting down self consciences and desires which is change from aesthesis to non-aesthesis, and it likewise comprise of experiencing numerous periods of otherworldly change and resurrection; at long last arrive at the Nirvana which is a definitive objective of Buddhism.â The phases of rebirth is controlled by ones activity, it is said that the past activity choose the current life, and present activity chooses the future life, since Buddhist accepts that ones conduct is as indicated by the brain and contemplations however not destiny, along these lines one will merit the stuff from the aftereffect of what the person wowed (Essays, 2004). Other than the points of view and convictions, the distinction among Buddhism and Taoism is the methods of taking care of and tackling the issues in life, for example, wellbeing problems.â According to Taoism, everything in this world has its own common request, and the best approach to deal with issues initially is to comprehend the nature; the Yin-yang idea is the center idea of this specific principle.â Yin-yang idea express that the truth are double which comprise of the blend of two inverse components to frame the whole by adjusting these two absolutely inverse elements.â likewise, by vanquishing the blemish of soul by accomplishing the equalization of oneself, at that point lead to directing the psychological or grandiose vitality that is known as Chi in one selfs body is accepted that can assist with recuperating ailment or disorder of body (EduBook, 2008).â The making of the Tai Chi practice depends on the Yin-yang idea which can assist with flowing and parity the Chi in the body and keep up body wellbeing since Taoist accept that ailment are cause by the unevenness or sticking of Chi in the course of body (Robinson B.A., 2010) Â Meanwhile, in Buddhisms convictions, issues in life like ailment and infection are a piece of life; consequently they ought to be acknowledged as the idea of life.â Buddhism requires the finding of issues source; reflection is the act of Buddhist that guide individuals to discover center, harmony and quiet in one self, and the nearness of center, harmony and quiet will assist with distinguishing the beginning of issues and direction to take great activities to defeat the issues (Knierim T., 2010).â simultaneously, dissimilar to Taoists mending ailment by adjusting the contrary components and directing the Chi, Buddhists look for drugs (EduBook, 2008).â However, on the grounds that Buddhists have faith in the idea of life, so home grown prescriptions which are separated and cleansed from the plants is the main me dicine that is utilized by Buddhists. Buddhism and Taoism are additionally extraordinary by they way they take a gander at connections and marriage. As per Buddhism convictions, marriage is certifiably not a vital occasion ones life, so there is no exceptional kind of function or practices for getting married.â Besides that, sexual movement is possibly acknowledged socially and morally when it happens in marriage, and it isn't acknowledged when there isn't inside a marriage relationship.â Buddhism convictions that in a marriage, both a couple should have four significant characteristics to turn into a very much coordinated and keep up a decent marriage, the four characteristics are confidence, prudence, liberality and wisdom.â Faith requires the comprehension between the husband and spouse, it is through seeing each another assists with working up trust, respect and confidence, and confidence is the primary key which will prompt the improvement of ideals, liberality and wisdom.â According to Buddhism convictions, fulfillments of the five faculties and generation are the two fundamental reasons for marriage since it is said tha

Hewlett Packard Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hewlett Packard - Case Study Example This report relates to the present business position of Hewlett Packard (HP),its current business issues and the path ahead for this business organisation.My initial introduction at the beginning of ESS (E-Services Solution)group is to bring up that this endeavor might be a fruitful at the start given the period 1999 until 2000 however it has all the elements of turning into its very own casualty achievement and possibly harming the work culture of HP with the purported point of contaminating the whole spirit.I would arrive at such a dreary resolution for some reasons which I will examine underneath yet the essence and substance of my examination as an administration expert is that little is lovely yet once it gets enormous it turns out to be monstrous. What's more, this is valid for HP's future if the ESS is permitted to developed into its hierarchical administration culture.At the beginning of the contextual investigation we are made mindful that in 1999 alone through the endeavors of the ESS ,HP has accomplished the status as a main producer of PC items, including printers, servers, workstations, and PCs and is creating an income of $42.4 billion and overall gain of $3.1 billion.It has more than 80,000 representatives worldwide and a solid neighborhood nearness in Silicon Valley and the Bay Area. The issues of HP and the job of ESS.The contextual investigation has given us a winged animal's eyes perspective on the recorded issues with the administration methodology of HP as follows. 1. In 1939 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, discovered HP and were a moment accomplishment with the and needed to seek after theirs own remarkable method of working together: The HP Way. The development of the HP Way started early. Despite the fact that their decentralized administration style was an accomplishment in the previous managing and by 1957 Hewlett and Packard had their own corporate destinations, subordinate The HP Way through administration procedures like Management By Wandering Around, Management By Objectives, and the Open Door Policy propelled later increments, including Open Communication and Total Quality Control .These practices can't be seen anyplace today and later on the preservationist mentality of HP with in a decentralized organization and was more item situated than client arranged. 2. So far another explanation HP has endured is its insider hiring.Although Young and Platt were acceptable pioneers and shown some great administration qualities.However by 1998 HP was confronting low stock costs and a ton of analysis relating to having missed the Internet market.There were different issues likecomplexity, and lost responsibility and there was an over all absence of spotlight on the HRM issues. 3.

Up the Down Staircase free essay sample

The content viable with an exceptionally surprising and momentous title â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is probably the best novel within recent memory was composed by Bel Kaufman, an American creator. She functioned as an instructor of the English language and writing in a New York secondary school for a long time. â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is her first semi-personal novel about a hopeful youthful English educator, who is truly amped up for her future work with kids at school. Be that as it may, for reasons unknown, it’s not all that simple to defy extreme real factors which don't correspond with her desires. The given concentrate depicts the encounters of a youthful secondary teacher Sylvia Barret who is disappointed with the arrangement of instruction, however all things considered, she attempts to adapt to every one of those issues and impairs in kids childhood and acts her own specific manner. She discovers her own procedures of instructing. Be that as it may, does she prevail in it? Or then again would she say she is bolstered by her associates? Or then again might be she is the main who is stressed over these troubles. We will compose a custom paper test on Up the Down Staircase or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this content the writer doesn't offer her own responses on these and different inquiries allowing this chance to the readears. It is a first individual portrayal where the creator completely depicts her partners, understudies and the general climate at school. Through the entire content we feel author’s puts stock in finding the best approach to change the state circumstance. So as to underline it she utilizes the expression â€Å"hitch your wagon to a star† and we, perusers of these lines need to accept that she will be capable yearn such unconcerned and aloof individuals . She is viewed as an extremely imaginative individual as she offers her students various kinds of class work totally non-run of the mill for the school she works at; Children are proposed to tune in to Shakespeare’s poem or examine an exceptionally contradictive proclamations. Odd as it might appear to be nevertheless she prevails in it. Be that as it may, the issue is that it irritates only her. What's more, talking names in this story, for example, Mr. Winters that, from one viewpoint, shows his lack of interest and detachment. He became accustomed to work there with no changes, and, then again, this name mirrors that he is serious and severe. Another talking name is Mr. Bester. His name is framed by adding the addition â€Å"er† to the standout degree â€Å"best† that implies that he is superior to the best. The story introduced in a type of a letter starts with an individual welcome, where the writer utilizes the count â€Å"I can wash a pullover, think an idea, compose a letter† is utilized here to underline that Saturday is the main day that can be spent by the primary character. The general salutation on the baby’s new tooth and her theories about her future is a sign of her uplifting mentality towards her companion that is underlined by epiphora utilized in these sentences: â€Å"Though I trust that when she gets into the open secondary educational system, things will be extraordinary. A t least, they continue promising that things will be distinctive †. Depicting the children she utilizes the direct opposite â€Å"physically develop †poor intellect†, which implies that the understudies are difficult to instruct. Depicting her experience of instructing without a book she shows the elements of the conversation and the pupils’ fervor as a response to the issue contacted, so the writer utilizes redundancies and equal developments: â€Å"no, no some said†¦no, no, others cried†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and the most valuable prize for her endeavors is the â€Å"groan† of kids. Talking around one of the obstructions in the method of educator, she utilizes the metonymy â€Å"Admiral Ass†, that epithet is gotten from his mark, yet it is likewise a representative one †ass is the equivalent word of the jackass and depicts somebody moronic or thick, and chief of naval operations implies that he is pleased with his post. Talking about the division of the educators to the great ones and the awful ones she says that one of them â€Å"work their enchantment in the classroom† and others â€Å"find in the educational system a reason or a refuge†. The title Up the Down Staircase just shows it. As per Sylvia’s positioning framework a few educators are ideal or â€Å"up† and others are not or â€Å"down†.. Taking everything into account, I should state that Up the Down Staircase is the edifying anecdote about an optimistic educator who doesn’t give up herself to a feeling of indifference in show disdain toward all troubles she goes up against. Bel Kaufman demonstrates her solid aspiration to battle against set up propensities and locate the correct method of good instructing.

History Dissertation Chinese Forbidden City - Free Essay Example

The Ming Dynasty was one of great importance in Chinese history, and from its humble beginnings in 1368 came the most impressive architectural achievement in China – The Forbidden City. This city, built by three master architects chosen by Emperor YongLe, became the center of all diplomatic activity for the emperor and those closely associated with him. Over a thousand great buildings were created for the Forbidden City, all to be used by the emperor and his servants. Palaces for domestic life, several more palaces for the empress and her servants, religious buildings, buildings used for political work, and lavish gardens all filled the grounds of the new capital. However, what was most interesting about Emperor YongLes Forbidden City was not that of all the buildings themselves, but the premises upon which they were built, premises of religion and symbolism that remain important to Chinese society to this day. Following the demise of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynas ty emerged and Emperor Qianlongs six extravagant art collections emerged along with it. These six art collections, some bearing Western influenced, included an assorted amount of ceramics, paintings, sculpture, bronze ware, jade and other minor arts, and all were enmeshed with the art previously brought in to the Forbidden City by Emperor YongLe. The stylistic architectural decisions instituted by Emperor YongLe while building the Forbidden City, along with Emperor Qianlongs six art collections, reflect the importance of religion, symbolism, and art in Chinese culture, and remain to be important aspects of China in present times. The grandson of a peasant who was one â€Å"of only three peasants ever to become an emperor of China,† Emperor YongLe was the third emperor in the Ming Dynasty. YongLe â€Å"fought alongside his father in the Yunnan campaign to clear the country of the last bastion of Mongolian resistance,† and despite being considered as exemplary, he was overlooked as emperor. Instead, the elder emperor, having bypassed his son, chose to make his grandson the emperor. This did not sit well with Emperor YongLe who later usurped his nephew and changed his reign name to that which he is remembered by, YongLe, or â€Å"Perpetually Happy.† YongLe ruled from 1403 to 1424 and tended to be remembered as one of the emperors who had done the most for China, most notably, moving the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing in the North. It was here that YongLe was approached by one of his spiritual advisors, who told the emperor of a vision he had of a great Imperial city. It was under this particular advisement that the Emperor decided to build this Forbidden City, the center of all life for the emperors, not only during YongLes reign, but for the reigns of emperors during other dynasties as well. In the introduction of the book The Palace Museum: Peking, author Wan-go Wen asserts that â€Å"for every supreme ruler of Chi na, his capital was the center of the earth – not merely the seat of government but a solemn symbol of imperial power and authority and of the ideal polity,† and the Forbidden City was an ideal example of this center of the earth for Emperor YongLe. This imperial palace, was actually named â€Å"the Purple Forbidden City,† and was named as such â€Å"after the Purple Luminous Constellation with Polaris, the North Star, in its center – a heavenly equivalent of the earthly residence of the supreme ruler.† Author Yu Zhuyon claimed that â€Å"fixed in time and space, [the Pole Star] was to be found at the apex of the vault of heaven and the gods of all the other stars revolved around it in homage,† and as the emperor was the leader of all of his people, the idea of Polaris coincided with the idea of the Forbidden City. This religious idea, and comparison of the Emperor to the deity in his â€Å"apex of his vault of heaven,† showed no t only how important the Emperor was to his people, but also how the Emperor himself was revered as a god-like incarnation on Earth. Before the Forbidden City was even built, Emperor YongLe put much thought and effort into its construction, bringing in three master architects who were to adhere to the strictest set of religious rules, such as the idea of yin and yang, in the construction and building of the Forbidden City. There were three important aspects in the planning of the City itself, and all three were noted by Yu Zhuyon. The first of these three points was the fact that there was no natural water supply to the Forbidden City itself, so â€Å"water was channeled into it from the Great Liquid Pool at the northwest corner† and this channeling aided in bringing water into the Inner Court. The second of these three points stemmed from the Emperors desire to have a long walkway in his City, much like the wide walkway used at the palaces of the Northern Song dynasty. With careful research and precision, these builders applied the â€Å"Song Layout,† from the aforementioned Northern Song dynasty, which allowed for â€Å"the grandeur of the wide avenue,† which was what the Emperor desired. Finally, Yu Zhuyon explains the third point that was important in the pre-construction of the Forbidden City, that being the creation of a moat behind the Forbidden City in the style that â€Å"corresponded to the arrangement at the Ming palace in Nanjing,† which was built specifically to make the city more secure for the empress, as well as the emperors concubines. It was at this point that construction of the Forbidden City could begin and all the planning could evolve from mere plans to reality. When it finally came time to build the thousand buildings that make up the Forbidden City, three things were done to prepare for it: the collection of timber, the production and transportation of bricks and tiles, and the transportation of large quarrying stones. The work that went into gathering all these items was done by a large amount of people, and many of these people who built the Forbidden City put themselves in grave danger to acquire these supplies. To secure the use of this timber â€Å"involved first rolling [logs] into the dry mountain gullies. They were lashed together to form rafts and left to await the torrents which plunged down the mountainside during the rainy season†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and then, when this timber finally made arrived at its destination, it was put in massive storerooms until it was to be used. The production and transportation of the surface bricks for the walls of the city were not the mud bricks that were commonly used, because these bricks, over time, suffered from a great deal of wear. Instead, the Forbidden City was built with clay bricks which were made first by mixing water and clay together, and then put in the sun to dry. These were not the most important aspects of the bu ilding materials in the city – those were the roof tiles that were symbolically representative of the Five elements and the â€Å"golden brick† floor tiles from Suzho. These â€Å"golden bricks† were â€Å"the finest floor tiles, smooth and dense,† and called â€Å"golden bricks† because they sounded like metal when they were hit. Finally came the moving of the heavy quarrying stone, which involved the creation of a slippery slope that builders could push said quarrying stone along. These stones held particular importance in the creation of the Forbidden City, because these specific stones relied on the ideas of space and distance which, when paired with the ideas of yin and yang and the Five elements, reflected many of the major aspects of Chinese cultural beliefs. The idea of space and distance, when applied to the architecture of the Forbidden City correlated with the ideas of â€Å"cosmic environment for the imperial family,† which intertwined itself with the idea of the Emperor being a deity. The theory of the five Elements and the omnipotent idea of yin and yang were also important in the architecture of the Forbidden City as both were pivotal parts of Chinese history. The idea of yin and yang emerged during the Han dynasty in 207 B.C. and has remained a part of the Chinese lifestyle. Under the idea of yin came the ideas of â€Å"maleness, the sun, creation, light, heat, Heaven, dominance, and so on,† while the opposite fell under the ideas of yang. According to Washington State University professor Richard Hooker, all aspects of life could be explained by these two opposite ideas of yin and yang, and these two ideas were applied to the building of the YongLes city. Where even numbers take precedence in the Inner Court (such as the six Western palaces for the empress, and the emperors concubines), odd numbers are dominant in the Outer Court or â€Å"the system of the three halls and five gates .† Following the use of yin and yang in the architecture of the Forbidden City was the use of the Five elements, which were fire, water, metal/gold, wood, and Earth, and each person and creation carried some combination of these elements around in them. These elements all were represented by different colors, and these colors were used in the architecture of the city itself, such as green tiles that represented â€Å"the tenderness of spring and corresponds to the east† being used to tile the Hall that was used for study. The carefully thought out application of yin and yang, as well as the citys Five elements of water, fire, metal/gold, wood, and Earth, reflected the symbolism of these two ideas that, as mentioned previously, still play large roles in the lives of Chinese citizens. To enter the Forbidden City, one must first remove their shoes, and leave their horses and carts outside the palace doors. Inside, the city contains over a thousand buildings, each of these buildings being significant in their own way. There is not a building in the entire compound that is out of place, they all mean something, and have symbolic representations that were well planned out ahead of time. One of the most important of these buildings is the Gate of Great Harmony (also known as the Gate of Supreme Harmony), known as the greatest gate in the entire Forbidden City. The Gate of Great Harmony is the pathway that one must take to reach the Three Great Audience Halls, which are three large buildings that â€Å"occupy the main space of the Forbidden City, covering an expanse of 85,000 sq. m.† This Gate of Great Harmony, described by Weng as â€Å"elegant and expansive,† was oftentimes used by the emperor himself when he spoke to the people in the Forbidden City. To create this gate, â€Å"a new architectural element is now introduced to define the inner style: marble terraces, with intricately carved railings,† which, prior to this ti me, had never been used. After some time had passed, however, the emperor ceased to use this gate at all. Despite this fact, this particular gate played a role in the symbolism of Heaven on Earth because the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which was built to recreate the aforementioned Heaven on Earth, was accessed through this gate. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest courtyard in the Forbidden City and carries both religious and symbolic importance. Zhuyon wrote that â€Å"this courtyard truly gives rise to the feeling that Heaven is high and earth is broad,† and it was true, as this expansive garden is home to some of the most elaborate pieces of sculpture in the entire Forbidden City. This Hall of Supreme Harmony is also one of religious importance, as it is a Taoist temple that, although not used by YongLe, was in fact used by those who followed after him. The Hall also manages to show symbolic importance because it reflects YongLes application of yin and yang i n the Imperial Garden. Just as important, if not more important, than the Outer Court, was the Inner Court, or the domestic area where the emperor and those closely associated to him lived and carried out their daily lives. Though the idea of space and distance was highly regarded and used in the Outer Court with great diligence, it was much harder for the Inner Court to be so spacious. Instead, these palaces and other buildings were built closely together. The Inner Court was the yang to the Outer Courts yin, and everything related to the Inner Court corresponded evenly, such as the Six Western and Six Eastern Palaces that were constructed to house all of the Emperors concubines. The two key features of the Inner Court were not these Six Western and Six Eastern Palaces, but instead remained to be the Palace of Heavenly Purity and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility, the two palaces which were not only home to the Emperor and the Empress, but also the palaces where the Emperor c onducted business with his advisors, and where the Emperor â€Å"the emperor lay in state immediately following his death.† Over time, both of these Palaces would undergo incredible amounts of architectural renovation, specifically under the reign of Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Qianlongs renovation to YongLes vision was not his only contribution to the Forbidden City. Instead, his six extravagant art collections were in fact, his greatest contribution to the city itself. These six collections included beautiful pieces of ceramics, paintings and calligraphy, sculpture, bronze ware, jade, and so-called â€Å"minor arts† that remain on display in the Palace Museum in modern times. Though much of the architecture in the Forbidden City reflects the architectural decisions made by YongLe, the art is all reminiscent of Emperor Qianlong and his time in the Palace. Of all the art collections in his possession, it was noted that the collection of paintings and calligraphy we re what Emperor Qianlong had the most of. In fact, Qianlong â€Å"practiced [painting and calligraphy] personally and thus saw from the viewpoint of an artist as well as a connoisseur.† Despite seeing from the viewpoint of an artist as well as a connoisseur, Qianlong was not very good at either painting or calligraphy, but that did not deter him from practicing or collecting, and Qianlong actually went so far as to use the example of fourth century artists handwriting to better his own calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy was a great art, with broad, sweeping strokes and vivid colors which were reminiscent of great paintings. These paintings have always been incredibly important in Chinese culture, and the paintings in the Forbidden City were no exception to this. The first Chinese paintings were simple black ink brush strokes on parchment paper, but â€Å"the efforts of later artists in their search for the expression of spirit or essence of all animate and inanimate objects extended from figure painting to landscape and bird and flower paintings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and this expression of spirit was what Chinese artists became most known for. Zhu Jiajin claimed that â€Å"porcelain is one of Chinas great inventions, achieved through an amalgamation of the two disciplines of science and art,† and this is true. Chinas most important family of art is still to this day ceramics, or â€Å"china.† Though Emperor Qianlongs vast art collection contained pieces of china, some of these were beautiful vases and plates from the Ming Dynasty. Some artisans made vases out of vibrant colors such as blue, red, and black, while others made sculptures out of â€Å"pure white clay called kaolin.† Kaolin was not the only kind of clay that was available, and as time proceeded, many different types of ceramics also originated, and â€Å"under glaze decoration, a technique invented at the Changsha kilns† was used. In this form of decoration, the c raftsman would decorate his vase or sculpture with a color, and then they would glaze the art and put it in the kiln. All these styles of ceramic artistry paved the way for other craftsmen in this same style. Sculptures were another form of art that made their way to the Forbidden City, and, as mentioned earlier, some of the most beautiful of these sculptures can be seen in the courtyard of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. â€Å"Stone, bone, horn, ivory, jade, shells, bamboo, and wood† were the chosen mediums that sculptors used to carve important figures of people and animals. One of the greatest discoveries of sculptures associated with the Forbidden City was the tomb of the first Qin Emperor. In this particular tomb was a monumental find that no one had known about, and this was a collection of life-sized clay soldiers and horses that were standing guard over the tomb of this great Emperor. It was said that, though the life-sized sculptures were made of clay, they wer e buried â€Å"with real chariots and weapons of that time, numbering more than seven thousand – an army sufficient to guard the supreme ruler in his afterlife.† There has been no greater or monumental find of such size and artistry found since this time, with the excavation of this tomb taking many painstaking years. Prior to the use of bronze in the creation of beautiful pieces of art, bronze was used by the Chinese for tools. As time progressed, artists began to craft three beautiful types of vessels that served three specific purposes – vessels for foods, wine vessels, and water vessels. These bronze vessels were used by Chinese nobility and reflected the styles of the times. Some of these sacrificial vessels contained images of people, but in later dynasties, the vessels stopped containing representations of people and turned more towards representations of animals. Artists began to inscribe poignant Chinese characters into their bronze vessels, these â€Å"master craftsmen of over 3,000 years ago were skilled in the art of the making of moulds and casting the finished article and were able to produce superb works which were well balanced with a sense of visual rhythm and strength†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it was these craftsmen and Qianlongs interest in them that made these bronze vessels exceptional. In all of China, jade is viewed as something that is highly treasure, even above such fine metals as gold. â€Å"Jade is a material of supreme merit, possessing beauty, character, and mystery,† and has been used to make beautiful sculptures, vases, and tools. Chinese poets wrote beautiful poetry about jade, and artisans spent extended amounts of time coming up with innovative ways to cut and style the stone into gorgeous figurines. One of the most exquisite pieces of art from this time period is a sculpture that weighs close to 2000 pounds. This sculpture, called The Nine Elders of Huichang, was carved out of a boulder and h as been on display in the Forbidden City for many years. Not only did artists carve sculptures out of jade, they also carved their prose into the sculptures that they created. Qianlong was so much an advocate of jade that he had a workshop built and had artisans come in to make figurines, boxes, and ornaments for him. It was due to Qianlongs immense favoritism of jade that this period of time is viewed as â€Å"the single most eventful era in the history of jade carving,† and there are some accounts that assert that, as a novice artist, Qianlong himself might have attempted to carve jade as well. The last collection of art to remain as an important part of the Forbidden City is that which scholars call â€Å"minor art.† These arts included handicraft arts, lacquer wares, cloisonnà © art, glass blowing, bamboo carving and work done with copper and enamel. One of the most famous of these minor arts artists emerged from the Imperial Palaces artistry workshop. Th is craftsman, Wu Zhifan, was a prolific bamboo carver who was known to carve â€Å"pagodas, dragon boats and the intricate reticulated balls carved from a single piece of ivory, one inside another and all movable,† and still other craftsmen were handpicked by the emperor himself to come and carve sculptures and other pieces of art for him out of ivory and bamboo. Lacquer ware artists poured lacquer, put it in the sun and then in a damp area, and were able to mold lacquer ware boxes and cups out of it. Another form of art, glass blowing, is one with origins that are unknown to scholars. The artists would blow the glass into vases and then use a glaze to give the glass its â€Å"hardness, brilliance, and colorfulness, which approximate the magical attributes of precious and semiprecious stones.† All of these forms of art were incredibly time consuming, but the finished products were always intricate and beautiful. In China, the Ming and Qing Dynasties remain as two of the most important dynasties in Chinese cultural history. From its humble beginnings in 1368, the Ming Dynasty helped to shape Chinese history forever with the help of its third emperor, the Emperor YongLe. Over a thousand great buildings were created to fulfill Emperor YongLes great vision of a home for the gods on Earth, a Forbidden City that appeared to one of YongLes tutors in an extraordinary vision. This beautiful city that grew in the new capital of Beijing became the center for all activity in China. The most important part of this Imperial City lay in its careful planning and architectural execution. The ideas of symmetry, religion, and symbolism all played a large role in China and all of these ideas were applied to the layout of the city. The premises upon which the city was built remain as some of Chinas most important. Following the demise of the Ming Dynasty, many others followed, but none as important to the Ming Dynasty as the Qing Dynasty, because with the Qing Dynasty came a flourishing art workshop that provided the Palace with an assortment of beautiful art collections. Ceramics, paintings and calligraphy, bronze ware, jade, and other minor arts, were diligently created and enmeshed in the art that was the architecture of the Forbidden City. Emperor YongLes carefully created architectural decisions, paired with Emperor Qianlongs exquisite art collections, were important in reflecting the incorporation of religion, symbolism, and art, in Chinese culture in prior times, and remain as important aspects of China in the present.

The Presidency Of John Fitzgerald Jr. - 801 Words

When people think back to the presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr., many people think of his assassination, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Cold War. Although there is one major event that forever changed the course of the world, that being the mission labeled Apollo 11. This mission was to put men on the moon. In words it may sound simple, but so much had to be put into this mission. They did some amazing experiments while on the moon. It is also the origin of many famous sayings used on a daily basis. Some sayings such as â€Å"The Eagle has landed† and Neil Armstrong said, â€Å"That s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.† One can not stress enough how much this mission changed the world and how much new technology this mission brought into the grasp of humans. Let alone the boost in moral it give the public within the United States of America that there may be something greater out there other than the Earth. On May 25, 1961 President John F. Ke nnedy gave an inspirational speech stating, â€Å"I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth† (â€Å"Apollo 11†). This small statement would make a huge impact on the world. Amazingly enough a short eight years later Apollo 11 would lift off from Kennedy Space Center. Inside would contain two men, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, who would live out the rest of their lives in fame of being the first humans on theShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy: Life and Times853 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. John’s mother’s name was Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy and his father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy. Rose and Joseph had 9 children in total. John had a very competitive childhood with his older brother Joseph Patrick Junior. 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Langston Hughes A Man of Truth - 899 Words

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Management Accounting Traditional Costing and Merits

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Traditional Costing and Merits. Answer: Introduction: The assignment has two basic requirements demerits of traditional costing and merits of activity based costing in manufacturing companies. The requirements are derived from the research on Australian industry, which is still using the traditional costing. The traditional costing is criticised for its inability to provide rich direction to the decision-makers in business. The study would explain the two dimensional application of ABC costing method and application of it in generating activity-based management in manufacturing firms. Additionally, the paper has contributed towards describing cost measurement in activity-based management in purpose of decision-making. 1. Problems of traditional costing in manufacturing companies Traditional costing system is an out dated method of costing in manufacturing facility. It uses the volume based costing method. Thereby, the non-manufacturing overhead is not allocated throughout all the activities of manufacturing (DRURY, 2013). It is a type of costing method whereas the overhead is measured on basis of direct labour associated with the job. It does not accumulate indirect costs such as administrative cost while evaluating the unit product cost. Apart from measuring cost of goods sold, traditional costing method does not help much to make decision in manufacturing process. The traditional costing method denies to accept the usage of modern machineries at the time of measuring the cost of unit product. The direct labour cost is not only the cost associated with the manufacturing of a product, but also there some other cost drivers of production (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). The main disadvantage is non-inclusion of non-manufacturing cost in a products cost, which may lead the management to make poor decision. Modern manufacturing uses the modern machineries compatible with automation, which may increase the indirect labour cost for producing a product. 2. Description of two dimensions of the activity based costing Activity based costing is viewed from two angles cost and process view. This is known as two dimensions of this costing method. The cost view is a dimension of activity based costing where the cost flows from resources via every activity. The number of known activities may deduce the consumption of resources in each activity. Cost view is applicable in manufacturing of the product at the first stage. In the second stage, it may measure the cost of resources in services too for any certain product (Shields, 1995). The resource depletion in the activities of the manufacturing and services can be presented by a vertical flow of cost objectives of the activities (Della Porta Keating, 2016). The process view is the horizontal flow of activities. The cost view helps in determining the activities and cost objectives (Durndez et al. 2016). In vertical flow, the products (cost objectives) drive the activities whereas activities drive the resources. The cost view can be seen in the following diagram where the direction of the flow of cost is also labelled. It helps to determine the cost of activities to understand the usage of the resources in those activities. The process view is in the horizontal flow of the following figure. It gathers the information on specific work of the activities. Further, it helps to understand the significance of one activity to other activities. Therefore, the process view helps the management to proceed with an activity based management system. It also helps in measuring each activity to enhance the efficiency of each activity (Briciu Capusneanu, 2013). The process view also helps in evaluating the performance of each activity. It helps the operation as well as human resource managers to assess the performance of each unit in operation. According to Joseph and Vetrivel (2013), performance is measured in three different metrics quality, efficiency of the operation and time consumed by the operation. The process view helps in investigating the value-added as well as non-value-added activities in business to eliminate it from the operation. Thus, activity based management helps the management to reduce the opera ting cost by eliminating the non-value-added activities from the entire operation. Figure 1: Two dimensions of ABC (Innes, Mitchell Sinclair, 2000) The costs are assigned to each activity by the usage of resources - as if Moulding of metal is an operation, which has several activities in it job mould, core making, material movement and inspection of materials. Finishing of metal has also many activities underneath it heat treatment furnace operation, oxy cut casting, grind castings, blast furnace operation and initiating the heat treatment furnace. Thereby, the cost is evaluated for each of them individually by measuring the expenses on resources for each of the activity. Further, cost of activity is driven by product costs. Therefore, each activity is assigned individually for measuring the activity cost of each product (Shields, 1995). Activity based costing is thus applied in the manufacturing from the first dimension by driving the resources as well the activities. In moulding industry, the resources are heat treatment machine, electricity, labours, oxygen cylinder, water and some others. Here the main root causes of drivi ng agent of costs are electricity, labour costs and heat treatment furnace. It helps the managers to evaluate the cost of every step of every activity in a pile of activities of production. The small changes in every manufacturing activity might improve the cost of resources as well as the cost efficiency of the operation. The activity-based management helps the managers in identifying the irrelevant actions in it and thus they may control the overall expenses by disseminating those irrelevant activities (Della Porta Keating, 2016). The assignment has explained the demerits of traditional costing as well as the applications of ABC costing in manufacturing companies. The modern manufacturing companies use the two dimensional costing of ABC method to reduce the irrelevant cost in operation. Additionally, the assignment has explained the advantage of activity based costing in current manufacturing companies. The above explanations may conclude that two dimensions of activity-based costing helps the managers to eliminate the irrelevant costs as well as activities in operation. In this way, it reduces the overall cost of the operation and makes the operation cost effective as a whole. References Briciu, S., Capusneanu, S. (2013). Pros and cons for the implementation of target costing method in Romanian economic entities. Accounting and Management Information Systems, 12(3), 455. Della Porta, D., Keating, M. (2016). Activity 28 Costing a Research Project. 100 Activities for Teaching Research Methods. Drury, C. M. (2013). Management and cost accounting. Springer. Durndez, A., Ruz-Palomo, D., Garca-Prez-de-Lema, D., Diguez-Soto, J. (2016). Management control systems and performance in small and medium family firms. Innes, J., Mitchell, F., Sinclair, D. (2000). Activity-based costing in the UKs largest companies: a comparison of 1994 and 1999 survey results. Management Accounting Research, 11(3), 349-362. Joseph, J., Vetrivel, M. A. (2013). Impact of target costing and activity based costing on improving the profitability of spinning mills in coimbatore-empirical study on spinning mills. Journal of Contemporary Research in Management, 7(2). Kaplan, R. S., Atkinson, A. A. (2015). Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Shields, M.D., 1995. An empirical analysis of firms' implementation experiences with activity-based costing. Journal of management accounting research, 7, p.148.